rookie coach

J'ai trouvé un site ou des parents échanges des informations sur le coût d'une saison. Lien http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index ... 330AAxhRmy et voici des examples;How much does a season of hockey cost for you? How much does a season of hockey cost for you to play where you live? I get a 12 game season with 2- 1 hour practices a week for $580(excluding the team jerseys($108) and socks($24) and try out fee but try out fee($24). 1 year ago Here in Littleton Colorado it runs about $1,400 for a 6 month sseaon at the Pee Wee travel level. That season has 22 league games and we do 5 tournaments at 4 games a pop. A few scrimmages thrown in too. Team fees for tournaments and other expenses are close to $500. Jerseys are extra. Expensive but a lot of fun. 1 year ago Dues are $400. That includes games and 3 hours of practices. I had to pay for a rink pass also (the same pass that figure skaters have to pay...this money goes to the rink, not the team). That is $550. Plus $50 for USA Hockey insurance. So $1000 even at the end, but most of that is overpriced rink fees. 1 year ago For Varsity it costs at least $1000 for the year of ice, more than 12 games, and 2 practices a week, plus jerseys that we put a deposit on, and socks that we already bought freshman year, and the tryout fee of $25 bucks. We bought team bags that cost at least $60, and plus a little money here and there for misc. things. So, be prepared to pay at least $2000 a year. Don't forget equipment every 3-4 years, and I am a goalie, so that is like another $2000 every couple of years. 1 year ago Et pour mes amis qui pensent que tout est meilleur dans l'ouest canadien voici un example de Calgary In Calgary Alberta, Pee Wee and Bantam Hockey is $580 as well. This includes conditioning (2 skates), try-outs (4 skates), 2 pre-season games, 22 reg season games, Minor Hockey Week Tournament (2 - 6 games), playoffs (2 - 6 games), and if you win playoffs Provincial Championships (4 - 6 games). Also included is about 3 practices (1.25 hour) every 2 weeks. The fee includes home and away jerseys (turn them in at the end of the season) but you have to get your own home and away socks. Your family has to commit to 4-5 volunteer shifts at the arena over the season or pay $250 to get out of them. Our season runs from September 5th to March 31. As a team we normally enter 2 tournaments (one xmas and one year end) and buy extra practice ice and exhibition game ice. At the AAA level it is about the same except you play 33 reg season games and practice twice a week. The fee is about double. 1 year ago Wow 1 heure et 25 minutes de pratique chaque deux semaines. Après on vient dire que le programme est de beaucoup supérieur.

A tous ceux qui pensent que beaucoup de hockey et seulement du hockey pour un enfant c'est bon et à tous ceux qui pensent que le programme usa est le meilleur et que l'on devrait importer ce programme lisez cet article du magazine Hockey U S A. Bonne lecture. Voici le lien http://www.usahockeymagazine.com/story. ... nav=normal et L'article complet 8 Days A Week When It Comes To Playing Games, How Much Is Too Much? By Harry Thompson The Niagara Junior Purple Eagles Tier II Peewee team plays a very full and competitive schedule. From the end of August through the middle of March, and hopefully into early April, the Purple Eagles laced up the skates to the tune of 72 games last season. Throw in a few weekly practices, and the 11- and 12-year-old players are on the ice close to 200 times during the season. Their quest to win a USA Hockey National Championship came up just short, falling in the quarterfinals to the San Jose Jr. Sharks at the Amherst Pepsi Center. Down the road, the Buffalo Sabres skate from September until early April, and hopefully well into May and June if they catch a wave that will take them all the way to the Stanley Cup finals. With six preseason games, 82 regular season contests and a playoff run that added an additional 16 games to their 2006-07 season, the Sabres quest for the Cup also came up just short, falling in the Eastern Conference finals to the Ottawa Senators. The difference between these two groups of dedicated athletes? The Sabres are paid professionals. The Junior Purple Eagles are on the cusp of puberty. The Junior Purple Eagles are by no means alone when it comes to playing an ambitious schedule. Their season is rivaled by teams of all ages around the country. Some programs play even more games, well into the 80- to 90-game range by the time the horn sounds at season’s end. Then oftentimes the next season picks right up with tryouts a day or two later, followed by spring and summer leagues. More Of Everything When it comes to youth hockey, and youth sports in general, there is a growing concern over the length of a season, the commitment in terms of both time and money a family must give to compete at the upper levels of the game, and the toll it’s taking on America’s youth. “It’s about finding a way to make our sport more attractive not only with kids but also with parents.” – Chris Zimmerman CEO, Nike/Bauer To be clear, hockey does not hold a monopoly over these issues. Sports from tennis to gymnastics to basketball are all asking more from their players and parents in what many perceive is the pursuit of excellence. Adam Naylor is a sport psychologist at Boston University who conducts workshops for athletes, sport associations, coaches and parents on mental, emotional, education and developmental needs of athletes. Throughout his career he has worked with youth through professional athletes in team sports, such as hockey, as well as serving as a consultant to USA Hockey’s Coaching Education Program. The issue of how much is too much is a central theme of many of the lectures he gives and papers he writes. “It’s something that goes across the board of all youth sports. There’s no sport you can’t play year round,” Naylor says. But just because children can play a sport, like hockey, year round, the question remains, is it in their best interest? While the vast majority of those interviewed by USA Hockey Magazine are against it, they add that there is currently little scientific data to support their strong convictions. Difficult To Swallow Jim Johnson, a 13-year NHL veteran and current youth hockey coach in Phoenix, doesn’t need scientific data to back up his beliefs. He need only reflect on his own path to the pros. “I remember growing up and playing football, baseball and soccer,” says the New Hope, Minn., native. “You were able to play other sports because the hockey season started in November. Now hockey season is starting in August. “In fact a lot of kids are still playing right now in camps and prospect tournaments and global scouting. It’s almost a non-stop preparation, which is difficult for me to swallow.” Johnson is not alone. According to a recent survey conducted by Serving the American Rinks, the two most likely reasons given why players and parents drop out of hockey is cost and time commitment. When many travel programs require a seven-day-a-week commitment and cost upwards of $10,000 for a season of topnotch competition, many hockey experts, including members of USA Hockey’s youth council, wonder if hockey families are being priced out of the sport. “The parents and the players are telling us that the cost issues and the time commitment are two of the main reasons why they’re leaving the game,” says National Coach-in-Chief Al Bloomer. “So obviously when you ask how much is too much, is the longer season costing more and taking up too much time? “Maybe we should evaluate ways to reduce costs, setting cost limits on various classifications, and maybe we ought to consider putting in season lengths to help with the time.” Arms Race In Youth Sports Like the weather, people throughout the USA Hockey family talk about this growing problem, but doing something about it is another matter entirely. For one, there are forces within the game that seem content with the way things are, starting with players and their parents. Rink managers and hockey directors are simply trying to create programs to keep kids on the ice, especially during the lull of the summer months. Still, concerned parties want to know how much is too much when it comes to the number of games that are being crammed into a youth hockey schedule. Larry Lauer is the director of coaching education and development for the Institute for the Study of Youth Sports at Michigan State University. Its mission is the study of the benefits and detriments of youth and high school sports on its participants. In addition to holding a doctorate in exercise and sport science, specifically in sport psychology, Lauer is a former hockey director in North Carolina and works extensively with Michigan Amateur Hockey and its coaching education programs. “I call it an arms race in youth sports where everybody is trying to do more than the next guy to get the best opportunities and advantages. But eventually it’s got to stop somewhere,” Lauer says. Training the NTDP way helped James vanRiemsdyk become the No. 2 selection in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. The NTDP Way When the National Team Development Program in Ann Arbor, Mich., was getting off the ground 10 years ago, the coaching staff believed that players needed to play a pro-type schedule to help prepare them for the rigors of college and pro hockey. It wasn’t long before a change of heart took root. “By the end of that year, our kids were burnt out and needed a rest, so we gave up some quality training time to give it to them,” recalls Ken Martel, a former coach with the program. “By playing that many games, they’re missing out on three of the four key elements of development.” –Ken Martel, former NTDP coach To create a more effective training program that incorporated the four key elements of training – practice, game competition, physical training and rest and recovery – the NTDP coaches reduced the number of games played in a season to 55, including international competition. “The idea behind the program is to create players who are significantly better at the end of the season than they were at the beginning of it,” says Martel. “This modified schedule has its peaks and valleys to offer more practice time to make significant gains in their performance.” So if such a schedule is good enough for the best 16- and 17-year-old players in the country, why wouldn’t youth hockey programs follow the same model? “It bothers me to see youth teams playing upwards of 90 to 100 games,” says Martel. “I believe they haven’t done what’s best for these kids. If an elite 16-year-old can’t do it, a 9-year-old sure can’t. “By playing that many games, they’re missing out on three of the four key elements of development.” Do The Math With teams playing so many games, something has to give, and often it’s practices that fall by the wayside. USA Hockey has established guidelines that recommend a 3-to-1 practice-to-game ratio. The NTDP maintains that training schedule, while colleges practice four days a week and play two games, usually on Friday and Saturday nights. Six Ways To Keep Kids Going Strong The following guidelines are suggested to prevent overtraining/burnout: • Don’t get hung up on your child making it to a professional league or the Olympics. Fewer than 1 percent of high school athletes reach the big leagues. • Practices should be designed with age-appropriate games and training to keep practice fun. • Young athletes need time to recover psychologically and physically from a sport. They should take sufficient time off each week from competition, training and scrimmaging. • Focus on wellness and teaching athletes to be in tune with their bodies to look for cues to slow down or alter their training methods. • If children play several sports that use the same body parts, make sure they take a break between seasons to avoid overuse injuries. • Young athletes should join only one team each season and should take two to three months off from a specific sport. (Reprinted with permission of the American Academy of Pediatrics) “Just do the math,” implores Bloomer. “If you consider the season at [approximately] 250 days long, from September to April, and you play 80 games. There’s not room for the recommended 3-to-1 practice-to-game ratio for skill development.” Too often coaches take the easy way out to satisfy the whims of their players and parents and load up the schedule with games. “If I’m a kid and you tell me that I can play this number of games, I’m probably going to do it because I’d rather play a game than practice. And I’m sure that parents would rather watch a game than practice,” says Naylor. And that leads to a drop off in the basic skills that players will need to succeed at the highest levels of the game. “Kids in our country are playing way too many games,” Johnson says. “I look at kids’ overall development, and think we have a lot of kids that can play but their overall fundamental skills are below what they need to be at the level that they’re playing at. And the only way to get them better is to get the practice-to-game ratio closer to the 3-to-1.” Johnson is not only a proponent of maintaining a strict practice-to-game ratio; he also advocates the use of small area games to improve individual skills in a competitive environment. “If you can create that intensity and that speed using small area games during practices, the kids are going to get a lot more development and a lot more [puck] touches and be able to work on their core fundamentals,” he says. Well-Rounded Athletes Along the lines of the shortened schedule, coaches like Johnson also yearn for the days of the multi-sport athlete. “We may be building great hockey players, but I don’t believe we’re building great athletes,” says Johnson. “You take a kid who plays hockey year round and give him a baseball and he doesn’t have the athleticism to throw it.” While most agree there will come a time when an athlete may need to focus his or her energies on a single sport, sport psychologists like Naylor and Lauer tell parents not to rush it. Studies indicate the sooner a child specializes in a sport, the sooner he or she is likely to reach the peak of his or her potential. “Be careful what you wish for,” warns Naylor. “Do you want the best looking 10-year-old on the ice or do you want the best-looking 20-year-old on the ice?” Conversely, data seems to indicate that continuing to play multiple sports and taking time off every once in a while will help a player peak at the age of 20 or 21. “I look at that and ask, ‘isn’t that when you want to start peaking?’ ” says Naylor. “I know here at BU that [head hockey coach] Jack Parker doesn’t want a kid who doesn’t get any better over the four years. The goal is to keep improving. So like anything, the more you play early, the more likely you are to peak or burn out.” Taking a break from hockey during the year allows players to return to the game refreshed and ready to give it their all once they hit the ice after a layoff. “I’d rather have a kid who’s focused and intense for seven or eight months than a kid who’s going through the motions for 12 months,” says Lauer. “They’re going to develop a lot faster.” Rock And A Hard Place So what’s a parent to do? Who can they turn to for sage advice? Today’s players and parents are constantly bombarded with mixed messages from various factions around the hockey world. More than one coach has threatened a kid that if he didn’t play for a specific team during the spring and summer, or didn’t attend a certain camp, he would find himself behind the proverbial eight ball when the fall hockey season rolled around. “It’s something that goes across the board of all youth sports. “There’s no sport you can’t play year round.” –Adam Naylor, sport psychologist “There’s a lot of pressure on a parent to feel like they’ve done everything possible for their kid. They think their kid will get behind if they don’t do X, Y and Z,” says Naylor. “I always tell parents that if you hear a coach give a definitive statement, such as ‘if your kid does not do this camp or play on this team he will not get to where he wants to go,’ that should be a huge red flag because the one thing we do know is that there are a million different ways to achieve excellence.” USA Hockey has created a series of program recommendations for various age groups (see graph) that offer suggestions for how many games should be played at various levels. Some local affiliates take it a step further by mandating the number of games a team can play in the season. For example, the Michigan Amateur Hockey Association bylaws state that all teams and players playing (all youth) classifications are restricted to a maximum of 75 games per season. While many coaches may feel that is still way too many games for a season, there are programs in Michigan that step over those boundaries. “I think part of the question, when you’re looking at certain areas of the country is how often do you need good competition?” says Lauer. “Some of it has to do with a coach being responsible, thoughtful and creative in how he sets up a practice or how he sends a kid into a game.” At What Cost? When it comes to specialization and over-doing it, the costs go way beyond skill development. There are mental and emotional tolls on the young athlete. “It is alarming for several reasons,” says Lauer. “One is the emotional, psychological toll it takes to play that many games. You just can’t keep coming with that same emotion and intensity night after night. And if you factor in practices, if kids are burning out it wouldn’t be a surprise.” In addition to the psycho, social and emotional ramifications of playing so many games, there is also a huge concern on the physical aspects of such a grueling schedule at such a young age. “I played 13 years, and at the end of every NHL season I spent the first three to four weeks right at the end of the season rehabbing injuries – trying to build my body back up from the depletion of the grind,” recalls Johnson. “My question would be how much wear and tear there is to a kid who’s playing that many games. I think they’re starting to see it in other sports of kids who don’t take time off and let the body recover.” If it’s a grind at the NHL level, how about for a 12-year-old, with school and other things on his or her plate? Dr. Michael Stuart is not only the chief medical officer for USA Hockey, he is also a hockey dad who has three sons playing pro hockey. He supports more practices than games, not only to promote skill development, but to avoid the risk of injury. He points to a recent study he conducted that found Junior hockey players are 25 times more likely to suffer an injury in a game than in a practice. At all levels of youth hockey, the risk is consistently greater to be injured in a game than in a practice. “From a medical standpoint, my advice would be that parents should avoid overuse injuries in their kids by proper rest, and decrease the risk of injury by maintaining a proper practice-to-game ratio,” says Stuart. A Juggling Act One area that receives little attention is the effect it all has on the family. If hockey is a seven-day-a-week proposition, what does that do to traditional family life? If Thanksgiving is a time for tournaments, what does that do to dinner at grandmother’s house? Christmas, birthdays and family vacations also take on a new feel. “There has to be a lot of sacrifices for these kids when they’re playing that many games,” says Lauer. “And it has to take its toll on the family if they’re traveling on every holiday and aren’t able to have that family downtime to be around family and enjoy the holidays.” One thing’s for sure, it’s a juggling act. While taking off for holiday tournaments may disrupt the traditional family outings, it helps cut down on the number of school days a player misses during the season. When it comes to missing school, many coaches have become sensitive to the number of days a player misses since schools often tie grades in with attendance. Still, a player who is playing or practicing seven days a week has to develop study and time-management skills that rival any of their on-ice skills. “I tell my kids that it’s more important that they are doing well in their academics because if they’re not there’s no sense in them playing at a high level Tier I AAA hockey because they don’t have a future in the game beyond that level,” says Johnson, who perfected his game over four years at the University of Minnesota-Duluth. Checks And Balances In the end, there are no easy ways for a parent to map out what is best for their son or daughter. It’s a balancing act at best. “When I talk to coaches and parents, I tell them that you’re still in control. You have a choice. You choose to go to those tournaments. If parents would say we’re not doing this tournament, then the coach is going to eventually listen,” Lauer says. “It’s tough because it goes back to the pressure that parents feel that they have to give their child every opportunity possible. “More of a balance is needed. In the end, that’s what we’re talking about here.”

Je comprend ton point de vue lionking mais cet article essaie de démontré que trop de hockey c'est comme pas assez. De plus il y a d'autre sports à faire pour développer la motricité des enfants et qui va leurs aider dans le hockey. Même si ton enfant veut seulement manger du chocolat à longueur de journée vas-tu laccepter? J'espère que non et que tu vas lui expliquer pourquoi. De plus en amenant ton enfant à faire d'autre sport qui sait peut-être qu'il va aimer cela. Il n'y a pas que le hockey dans la vie. Je l'ai déjà écris c'est navrant de voir des jeunes de 18-20 ans pas être en mesure ou très malhabilement faire d'autre sports. Et j'ai déjà entendu des jeunes dire a si javais pu joué à cela quand j'étais plus jeune mais mon père ne voulait pas. Dans la vie il faut essayer le plus de choses possibles on est sur la terre pour une vie. C'est certain que si ton enfant aime un autre sport que le hockey... je vais arrêter

Bull j'ai pris la peine de vérifier le site Laurentide Lanaudière comme malcommode a dit et effectivement le nom du Gouverneur deux lettres se trouve comme instructeurs dans toutes les équipes. Est ce normal? Je ne crois pas. Pour ce qui est du rendement des équipes je suis d'accord avec toi cela dépend des années

Je pensais que le hockey était un jeu d.équipe. Je pense que je me suis trompé. On nomme un seul joueur dans les récent post. Il joue tout seul le petit d..? Un contre 5 sur la glace?

Je penses que tu as raison ils sembles qu.ils ont environ 4 heures de pratique à toute les deux semaines donne une moyenne de 2 heures par semaines. La plupart des clubs deux lettres ont le même nombres d'heures ici sinon plus.

Pour le Québec voici les résultats Défaite de 4-2 contre l'ouest Victoire de 10-6 contre Slovaquie Défaite de 4-3 contre USA Victoire de 9-4 contre Finlande Victoire de 3-1 contre Allemagne Fiche usa 4-1 et Québec 3-2 venu à une victoire de joueur pour la médaille de bronze. et La défaite contre les usa est très serée.

L'ontario était trop forte cette année et elle a pulvérisée toutes les équipes.

Je suis en train de rechercher pour d'autre coût et façon de procéder dans les autres provinces et usa. Et ce pour être en mesure de voir si l'herbe est vraiement plus verte chez le voisin.

Il y a présentement une émission sur le hockey mineur québécois. Intervenant Alain Sanscartier, sport étude région de Gatineau, Luc Gauthier dépisteur Pingouins Pittsburgh et Martin Desjardins ancien joueur du Canadien. Premier constat, les trois sont unanimes pour dire que le fait qu'il n'y ait pas de québécois sur équipe nationale junior n'est pas dramatique et n'est pas une fin en soit. Ils mentionnent qu'il y a certains problèmes avec le hocket au québec mais il faut faire certains ajustements. Sanscartier mentionne que nous les québécois ont a tendance à se descendre au lieu de se tenir debout ensemble. Je reviens plus tard.

Quel beau tournoi et quelle organisation. Je pense que c'est un tournoi que les équipes doivent faire pour leurs jeunes.Ils sont traités comme des rois.

Merci d'avoir pris le temps de m'expliquer. Bonne journée

entièrement d'accord avec toi ed pour ce qui est des tournois mais pour avant les tournois est ce que le pourcentage peut varié quand on parle de parties dans la même ligue.

Cher mctru on connait ta haine de HQ, mais qui est tu pour évaluer la compétence des autres. En passant, tous les dirigeants bancaires et investisseurs ont un paquet de diplômes et regarde où ils nous ont menés. Je ne dis pas que HQ est parfait loin de là, mais je pense que les trois personnes de cette émissions ont apportés d'excellents points. Tu pourrais nous nommer des noms de gens et je suis certain que certains intervenants nommés ne feraient pas l'unanimité.

Pour ce qui est du junior de montréal il n'y a eu aucune partie car il y avait un malentendu entre les deux parie soit le junioer et l'organisation du tournoi.

Cher nec, vrai que ce n'est pas l'ensemble des parents qui sont tortionnaires mais il y en a de plus en plus. De plus, il y a eu une série sur le hockey l'an dernier au canal d. Durant une de ces émissions Francois Gagnon le journalistes de la presse mentionnait une expérience qui a été faite au USA. Ils ont pris dix jeunes et les ont fait joué au hockey seul et sans parents et arbitres. Ils ont ajouté les parents et la chicane a pris et par après ils ont ajouté les arbitres et là c'était le zoo. Conclusion enlever les parents des parties?

Abq je suis d'accord que certains jeunes sont brûlés mais pourquoi? Peut-être que c'est la faute des parents? Ils inscrivent leurs enfants dans trop d'écoles de hockey, cour de power skating en plus de leur saison de hockey. C'est aux parents à voir à leurs affaires et faire attention à la santé de leurs enfants. Dans notre équipe pendant un mois Gaston Gingras donnait notre pratique du lundi on avait notre pratique du mercredi et Bobby Dollas faisait une clinique pour les défenseurs le samedi. Et bien il y a des parents qui trouvaient que ce n'était pas assez et inscrivaient leurs enfants dans des cours de powerskating et une clinique supplémentaire avec Bobby Dollas. Il y a même un jeune qui est venu nous voir pour que l'on explique à son père qu.il avait trop d'activités. Conclusion, c'est aux parents à faire l'horaire et écouter leurs enfants.

Sceptique les intervenants étaient Luc Gauthier dépisteur des Pingouins de Pittsburgh, Martin Desjardins ancien joueur du Canadien et Alain Sanscartier en charge d'un programme hockey sport étude à Gatineau ancien coach junior majeur et descripteur des parties des Sénateurs. Aucun lien avec hockey Québec

Carey va sur le site de corus et écoute l'émission d'hier matin sur le hockey mineur au Québec. Il y avait trois intervenants et les trois étaient d'accord. Il y a des ajustements à apportés mais ce n'est pas si pire que cela. Va écouter et après vient faire tes commentaires. Même chose pour Bull

Abq cela ne veut pas dire d'enlever le bb et cc. Peut-être faire seulement du bb et faire moins d'équipes également.

Bon résumé.

Malheureusement Mike tu es un dinosaure pour nous ramener Don Cherry. Des gens comme lui font reculer le hockey. Et de plus tu n'a pas écouter l'émission de ce matin sur ckac. Elle portait sur le hockey mineur et il y avait trois intervenants indépendant de HQ soit Alain SSanscartier Martin Desjardins et Luc Gauthier. Va écouter l'émission et revient faire des commentaires par la suite.

Bull as-tu écouter l'émission? Les trois personnes présentes ont mentionné que le programme du Québec était ok mais avec des ajustement à apportés. Pas besoins de vouloir faire comme le reste du Canada. Pour ce qui est de l'équipe junior Sanscartier a mentionné Derek Brassard et Mathieu Carle qui n'ont jamais participé à ce tournoi et ils réussissent bien. Je le répète selon eux le programme a besoins d'ajustements pas nécéssairement de réforme en profondeur.

Les trois sont unanimes sur la plupart des points. Premièrement, pas assez de pratiques pour le nombre de parties. Autre constat, introduire la mise en échec à un plus jeune âge. De plus, quand on parle de mise en échec ils mentionnent aussi le point qu'au Canada on parle de finir sa mise en échec. Pas obligé de faire un contact. Un plus petit joueur peut servir de sa rapidité pour reprendre la rondelle car comme ils mentionnent le but de l amise en échec est de reprendre le contrôle de la rondelle. Sanscartier a parlé des propos de Pat Quinn en les qualifiant de bouilli pour les chats. Il donne comme example la finale contre les Suédois et un joueur canadien a fait semblant de faire un plogeon et l'arbitre est allé avertir Quinn et le joueur en question. Les trois sont aussi d'accord que les propos de Pat Quinn ne sont pas valable. Les trois sont aussi d'accord sur le fait d'arrêter de vouloir faire comme ailleur et d'améliorer le système que l'on a, Pas parfait mais pas si pire que cela. Un autre problème est le fait qu'il y a trop d'équipes junior et cela dllue le produit. Et en terminant on mentionne que Hockey Québec a les ressources pour mieux encadrer les instructeurs élites et il faut juste mettre un programme en place. Conclusion, c'est sur qu'il y a des problèmes mais pas si graves qu'on le croit. Et aucune de ces personne ne travaill epour hockey québec.

entièrement d'accord avec toi.